Bad at Goodbyes

Rough Transcript

Intro 00:05

Welcome to Bad at Goodbyes.

On today’s show we consider the Jamaican Flower Bat.

Species Information 02:05

The Jamaican Flower Bat is a critically endangered flying mammal native to the Caribbean island nation of Jamaica. Its scientific name is Phyllonycteris aphylla and it was first described in 1898.

 

Description

The Jamaican Flower Bat is a medium-sized New World leaf-nosed bat, with a body length of about 3 inches, weighing just half an ounce (that’s 1/32rd of a pound), with a roughly one foot wingspan. Bats are the only mammal adapted for flying, and do so via highly specialized skeletal and muscular adaptations.

 

That said, a bat’s wing is basically the exact same skeletal parts found in a human arm and hand. Through millions of years of evolution (we have bat fossil from roughly 50 million years ago), specific bones elongated, shrank, or fused together to allow for muscle-powered flight. Bats have shoulder and upper arms much like our own though their shoulder joint restricts movement to just up and downstrokes (instead of a full radius). Their collarbone is particularly robust; it anchors the bats large pectoral muscles, needed for flapping. The humerus (the upper arm bone) is short and thick. With their forearm, the radius and ulna are elongated, thickened, and fused to prevent the wing from twisting and to support the strength needed for flapping. And then the metacarpals and phalanges, the hand and fingers, are highly specialized: the thumb is short and clawed and the other four digits are significantly lengthened to provide the skeletal structure to support the plagiopatagium, that’s the wing membrane. To compare the relative proportions if an average adult human had bat hands, they’d have fingers roughly four feet long.

 

The Jamaican Flower Bat’s hindlimbs are also specialized, their knees point backward and bend forward, allowing the bat to stretch the wing membrane into a kind of cup shape used to slow down (a bit like a parachute) or make quick turns, (like a sail or rudder). Related the rotated leg bones aid in upside down hanging, keeping their center of gravity aligned with their feet.

 

The Jamaican Flower Bat’s fur is short and blonde or light-golden brown that often fades to white on their belly. Their wings are black and their forearms, digits, and legs are a pink fleshy color.

 

They have large ears, roughly two-thirds of an inch in length, small black eyes, and a somewhat elongated face, with a disc-shaped nose, that looks a lot like a pig’s snout.

 

This is an adaptation related to echolocation. So, an echolocating animal (like some whale, dolphin, a few birds, and of course most bats) emit a sound. Those sound waves reflect off of objects, surfaces, other beings in their environment and the returning echoes are received and interpreted in the animal’s brain to create a kind of mental map of their environment. The time, pitch, and timbre of these returning sound waves allows the species to hold a detailed sense of their surroundings, identifying what or whom, and to navigate and forage, in the dark.

 

In the case of the Jamaican Flower Bat, they echolocate, nasally, from their nose, emitting high-frequency sound waves out through their nostrils. This is key because it allows the bat to feed while continuing to echolocate. If these sounds emitted from say their mouth, that would interrupt their sense of their environment every time they ate.

 

Diet

The Jamaican Flower Bat is nectivorous, they feed on the nectar and pollen of night-blooming flowers in their habitat. So, they’ll use echolocation to generally find the blossom, and then use a combination of echolocation, scent sensing (of the flowers smell), and when close, visual identification: spying moonlit flower petals contrasted against dark foliage, to locate their food sources.

 

The Jamaican Flower Bat has a very long, specialized tongue, they push deep into a flower blossom and lap up the nectar. Incidental ingestion of pollen provides dietary protein and amino acids. And as they forage from individual plant to individual plant, often across a large range, they spread pollen caught in their fur, serving as a vital pollinator in their habitat.

 

Behavior

The Jamaican Flower Bat is nocturnal, active at night. They roost and rest in caves during the day and then spend the nighttime actively foraging across flowering trees and shrubs of the Jamaican forest, returning home to their caves, before dawn.

 

Their cave roosts are highly social spaces. Colonies of dozens to hundreds of Jamaican Flower Bat gregariously cohabitating in chaotic, densely packed roosts, and often interspecifically so with other bat species. We’ve documented the Jamaican Flower Bat peacefully cohabitating, sharing cave roost sites, with the Jamaican Greater Funnel-eared Bat, Jamaican Fruit Bat, Buffy Flower Bat, Leach’s Single-leaf Bat, and Macleay’s Mustached Bat.

 

There is some remarkable evolutionary differentiation at play here. These other bat species all have distinct temperature preferences within the cave, have distinct diets, some eat fruit, some eat insects, some consume nectar, and they echolocate at distinct frequencies. So all can successfully overlap in this habitat with minimal food resource and roost site competition.

 

Reproduction

We have pretty limited information about Jamaican Flower Bat reproduction. We do know they’ll breed twice a year, in January and June. And pregnant females separate from their colony, retreating deeper into the warmest parts of their cave in a sex-segregated temporary nursery colony - a congregation of expecting mothers and those who’ve recently birthed, and their new young. Mothers birth a single altricial pup, so they’re born blind, hairless, and totally dependent on their mother’s milk for sustenance. Pups develop in the nursery colony, in the safety of the deep dark warm cave, only emerging into the forest night when they’ve grown large enough and well-developed enough for independent flight and foraging.

In The Dream

————

In the dream,

 

To thrive in the warm wet dark,

Snug among my kin

 

To sing into the nighttime 

And fully fathom the echoing reply.

 

To feast at the flower,

To sip at the blossom,

 

And to fly, the yearn is always

To fly

 

In the dream.

————

Habitat

The Jamaican Flower Bat is native to Jamaica, a roughly four thousand square mile island nation roughly 500 miles southeast of the North American mainland, in the Caribbean Sea.

 

We find Jamaican Flower Bat roost sites in 3-5 caves on the island’s northern coast and central interior. Scientists have recently confirmed roosts in the Green Grotto Caves, Rock Spring Caverns, Stony Hill Cave, and historically at St. Clair Cave and Marta Tick Cave.

 

These are complex underground limestone structures, carved by millenia of watery chemical erosion. Limestone is primarily calcium carbonate. So, rainwater seeps through organic matter in the topsoil, forming a weak carbonic acid, and this slightly acidic groundwater, gets into the cracks, fractures, and crevasses of the limestone bedrock. The carbonic acid reacts with the calcium carbonate in the limestone, dissolving it and the flowing groundwater carries the material away, leaving small physical voids within the bedrock that eventually over time, over years and years of subtraction, become these underground cave networks of chambers, sinkholes, and underground rivers, that the Jamaican Flower Bat calls home.

 

These cave systems are a particular kind of microclimate, referred to in the literature, (this is the scientific terminology); they’re referred to as “hot caves.” Hot caves have narrow entrances and internal chambers that limit airflow and ventilation. The cave chambers are hot and wet, air temperature can exceed 100 °F, and relative humidity reaches above 90%. This heat is primarily biological, the result of the contained collective body heat radiating from the multi-species bat colonies that gets trapped within the low-ventilation cave chambers.

And this intense microclimate is a key aspect of the Jamaican Flower Bat’s habitat: roosting where the ambient temperature matches or exceeds their own natural body temp, they do not have to burn calories to stay warm at rest. And new pups are protected from cold exposure, when their mothers leave the roost to forage.

 

These surface forage sites are lush tropical broadleaf forests that can see as much as 150 inches of rain per year.

 

The Jamaican Flower Bat shares its subterranean roost and nearby surface forest with:

Buffy Flower Bat, Jamaican Fruit Bat, Jamaican Greater Funnel-eared Bat, Leach’s Single-leaf Bat, Macleay’s Mustached Bat, Cane Toad, White-crowned Pigeon, White-winged Dove, Cinnamon Vine, Candelabra Bush, Jamaican Oriole, Northern Mockingbird, Common Passionfruit, Sad Flycatcher, Loggerhead Kingbird, Jamaican Laughing Frog, Stripefoot Anole, Western Honey Bee, White Peacock, Zebra Longwing, Common Passionfruit, Long-tailed Skipper, Snake Plant, Candelabra Bush, Orange-spotted Flower Moth, Sweet Clockvine, Hicatee Fig, Jamaican Satyr, Olive-throated Parakeet, Harlequin Moth, and many many more.

 

Threats

In the 20th century the Jamaican Flower Bat, was twice believed to be extinct, and in both cases researchers later observed new, previously undocumented roost colonies, confirming the species a continued, though perilous, existence.

 

Both historically and currently the Jamaican Flower Bat’s habitat, and consequently their survival and population size has been affected by exploitative resource extraction by humans. Bauxite, an ore used in commercial aluminum production, has been mined in Jamaica since the 1950s. Bauxite is strip-mined, an industrialized process that removes all topsoil and vegetation across vast stretches of land. These are the food sources the Jamaican Flower Bat relies upon. Toxic dust created during mining operations also affects nearby plant photosynthesis by coating leaf surfaces, further diminishing vegetation even outside of the actual mining sites. Additionally the process can lead to structural compromise and even collapse of the underground cave systems where the bat roosts.

 

Underregulated extraction of bat excrement (guano) for use as agricultural fertilizer also disturbs the bat’s roost sites. The guano extraction process causes acoustic and physical disturbance, panicking bats who will abandon their roosts.

 

Human-introduced invasive predators, specifically: feral cats, also threaten the Jamaican Flower Bat population. Feral cats in the Jamaican wilderness have learned to prey at narrow cave entrances, taking easy meals and hunting bat for play.

 

Additionally human infrastructure expansions, particularly road construction and maintenance threatens bat cave roosts. For example, for decades, a road has run directly over the thin limestone roof of the Stony Hill Cave. The risk here is that heavy industrial vehicles or road repair work could fracture the cave’s ceiling. Cooler outside air would flood the chamber, altering the microclimate by reducing the ambient air temperature with potentially fatal consequences for the bats who rely on high heat for metabolic regulation.

 

Conservation

Fortunately, some of the Jamaican Flower Bat’s cave habitat is protected. Green Grotto Caves is a protected national heritage site managed by the Jamaica National Heritage Trust. And in 2022 a coalition between Bat Conservation International, the Natural Resources Conservation Authority, the National Environment and Planning Agency of Jamaica, and a local private landowner, collaborated on the successful purchase of Stony Hill Cave and its immediate surrounding land. The land acquisition allows the coalition to block mining claims, and road and real estate development on the land, protecting the surface vegetative habitat and the roost in the cave beneath.

 

In 2024, Bat Conservation International began installing predator exclusion fences to protect the roost site at Stony Hill Cave. And the Jamaican government has developed a Bat Management Plan which includes provisions for ongoing roost monitoring and strictly regulates guano extraction at the roost sites.

 

Nevertheless the Jamaican Flower Bat has been considered critically endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2015 and their population is in decline.

 

Our most recent counts estimate that less than 500 Jamaican Flower Bat remain in the wild.

Citations 27:22

Baker, R. J., Groen, J. A., & Owen, R. D. (1984). Field key to Antillean bats (Occasional Papers, No. 94). Museum of Texas Tech University. – https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d15e93d9-80de-45dc-95b8-3af88073278b/content

 

Bat Conservation International. (2022, May 20). Globally significant Jamaican cave permanently protected to save critically endangered bats [Press release]. https://www.batcon.org/press/globally-significant-jamaican-cave-permanently-protected-to-save-critically-endangered-bats/

 

Carstens, B. C. (2001). Phylogeny of the neotropical nectar-feeding bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) (Publication No. 1403850) Master’s thesis, Michigan State University. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/openview/5e2c8907b5a92b9a86606531d3c6b86b/1

 

Genoways,  Hugh H., Baker,  Robert J., Bickham,  John W., & Phillips,  Carleton J. (2005). Bats of Jamaica. Bats of Jamaica, 48, 1—155. – https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/249897

 

iNaturalist – near Rock Spring Caverns, St. Mary, Jamaica

 

Koenig, S. & Davalos, L. 2015. Phyllonycteris aphylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T17173A22133396. – https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T17173A22133396.en

 

McFarlane, D. A. (1986). Cave bats in Jamaica. Oryx, 20(1), 27-30. – https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300025874

 

Miller, G. S., Jr. (1898). Descriptions of five new phyllostome bats. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 50, 326–337. – https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1647828

 

Oelbaum, P. J., Hall, R. P., Whyte, D. L., Stewart, R. S., Pauel, J., Kouwenberg, S., … Welch, K. C. (2024). Reproductive populations of the Critically Endangered bat Phyllonycteris aphylla at two new locations in Jamaica. Oryx, 58(5), 650–654. – https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605323001643

 

National Environment and Planning Agency. (2011). 2012 - 2017 bat management plan for Jamaica. – https://www.cockpitcountry.com/pdfs/NEPA%20Bat%20Mgt%20Plan_2012-2017.pdf

 

Pallardy, R. (2024, August 27). “We found 20 pairs of wings in an hour.” Culprit of Jamaica’s dismembered bats caught on camera. Discover Wildlife. – https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/feral-cats-catching-bats-jamaica

 

Sears, K. E., Behringer, R. R., Rasweiler, J. J., & Niswander, L. A. (2006). Development of bat flight: Morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(17), 6581–6586. – https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509716103

 

Wilson, D., Tikuye, B. G., Tefera, G. W., & Ray, R. L. (2025). Impact of bauxite mining on vegetation health in Jamaica: NDVI and aerosol optical depth analysis using remote sensing. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 140, 104058. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.104058

 

Wikipedia – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_flower_bat

 

For more information about Jamaica Flower Bat conservation and bat conservation in general please see Bat Conservation International at https://www.batcon.org

Music 29:29

Pledge 36:42

I honor the lives of all Jamaican Flower Bat. I will commit their name to my record. I am grateful to have shared time on our planet with this being. I lament the ways in which I and my species have harmed and diminished this species. I grieve.

 

And so, in the name of the Jamaican Flower Bat I pledge to reduce my consumption. And my carbon footprint. And curb my wastefulness. I pledge to acknowledge and attempt to address the costs of my actions and inactions. And I pledge to resist the harm of plant and animal kin and their habitat, by individuals, corporations, and governments.

 

I forever pledge my song to the witness and memory of all life, to a broad celebration of biodiversity, and to the total liberation of all beings.

Rough Transcript

Intro 00:05

Welcome to Bad at Goodbyes.

On today’s show we consider the Golden Camellia.

Species Information 02:05

The Golden Camellia is a critically endangered flowering evergreen native to southeast Asia, on the China Vietnam border, to the provinces of Guangxi in China and Cao Bang in Vietnam. Its scientific name is Camellia impressinervis and it was first described in 1979.

 

Description

The Golden Camellia presents as a medium-large understory shrub or small subcanopy tree with individuals ranging from roughly 5 to 17 feet in height. Their trunk grows to about 1-3 inches in diameter and has smooth grayish-brown bark. Their leaves are elliptical with a serrated margin; the edge of the leaf is wavy and pointed. The upper face of the leaf (the adaxial side) is dark green, glossy, smooth; the underside (the abaxial side) is paler green, with sparse small hairs, and raised veins. New leaves emerge in a purplish-red color and slowly fade to green as they age.

 

The Golden Camellia produces stunning deep golden-yellow flowers, with 12 thick petals arranged in a kind-of bell shape, cupped around the reproductive organs. At the flower’s center the pistil (the female reproductive organ) grows about three quarters of an inch in height and is surrounded by roughly 100 skinny tightly packed stamen (the male reproductive parts), which are also about three quarters of an inch tall, each topped with a tiny pollen sac (the anther). These reproductive parts are also golden-yellow; the flower is a vibrant, bright, kind of glowy yellow monochrome. On the branches, the flowers are often described as nodding, they can be somewhat droopy and downward facing, growing all across the branches intermingled with the plant’s leaves.

 

Historically, the flower petals of the Golden Camellia have been harvested and dried for use as herbal tea and as medicine. Recent research has demonstrated a concentration of antioxidants present in the petals. 

 

Reproduction

Golden Camellia bloom from roughly January through March. They are pollinated by bird and insect. Specifically sunbird, who perch on the branches and push their curved bills directly into the flower to sip nectar. During which their head and throat feathers collect pollen grains from the anthers, to ideally later deposit that pollen when they drink from subsequent flowers on different individuals. Additionally honeybee and hoverfly visit the flower, collecting and spreading pollen.

 

Once fertilized, the flower, across spring and summer, produces a small dry fruit that matures and splits open in October. Seeds are dispersed by barochory, that is gravity. The fruit while still on the branches opens, releasing dense, wingless seeds which fall to the forest floor beneath the parent plant.

 

Studies of closely related Camellia species have shown that these seeds are sometimes farther dispersed by small mammals, (mice, rats) and that may be the case for our Camellia impressinervis as well.

 

New Golden Camellia saplings grow very slowly, just to a height of under a foot with an eighth of inch trunk diameter after roughly 5 years, and can take as many as 8-10 years to reach reproductive maturity in the wild. A cultivated individual was documented taking a full 17 years to first flower.

 

The Golden Camellia, to survive that long adolescence, is adapted for basal resprouting. So just below the ground’s surface at the root crown, the plant stores a sugar and carbohydrate reserve, and dormant growth cells, in what’s called a belowground bud bank. If the trunk and branches suffer serious, potentially fatal injury, that reserve is activated: dormant buds divide and push through the bark at the trunk’s base to quickly form new shoots and leaves to rapidly restart photosynthesis. And in doing so the Golden Camellia insures its survival to damage, that in other species, would cause mortality.

In The Dream

————

In the dream,

 

To push my face into the blossom,

Into the the golden,

Nestled in the petals,

Tickled by the stamen

Tender to the pollen, and to drink.

 

To sip the sweet gladness of dirt and light,

In the unspoken camaraderie

Of the flower and the flighted.

 

And this is the true dream:

To be a courier in the great continuance of living

Instead of a disruption.

 

In the dream.

————

Habitat

The Golden Camellia is native to the border of south China and north east Vietnam, found only in the Guangxi province of China and the Cao Bang province of Vietnam, roughly 100 miles north of the South China Sea. This is a mountainous rocky region of steep limestone peaks and deep valleys, with the plant found at elevations ranging from roughly 400 to 1500 feet above sea level. The Camellia is most concentrated in clusters in the valleys, in a total area of roughly 30 square miles.

 

Here, bare cliffs, exposed peaks, and deep ravines are pocked with evergreen broad-leaved forests, and within these stands the Golden Camellia forms part of the subcanopy and understory. Soil is thin and the plant often roots in dirt accumulated in the limestone crevices and on cliffside terraces.

 

This is a remarkable landscape carved by millenia of watery erosion. The mountains and valleys are not the result of tectonic uplift or volcanic accumulation. Instead over millions of years, heavy rainfall has weathered the softest limestone, dissolving the plateau from the top down, a subtraction leaving an expanse of steep, discrete, domed peaks. It looks a bit like an archipelago of grey, green islands upon a blanket of foggy mist (low cloud resulting from the region’s high humidity).

 

This is a tropical monsoon climate, with a distinct wet season from May to September and a cooler dry season from October to April. Summer temps reach into the upper 80s°F and winter lows into the mid 40s°F, with roughly 65 inches of annual precipitation.

 

The Golden Camellia shares its rocky range with:

White-tailed Robin, Maritime Striped Squirrel, Common Sun Skink, Many-spotted Cat Snake, Yellow-bellied Warbler, Spiny Orb-Weaver, Grey Wagtail, Annam Tree Frog, Redflower Ragleaf, Zebra Spiderwort, Rose Swallowtail, Plain Tiger Butterfly, Fork-tailed Sunbird, Forest Garden Lizard, White-winged Magpie, Plantain, South China Moon Moth, Quail Grass, Northern Treeshrew, Silver Pheasant, Papaya, Banana Stem Weevil, Chestnut-capped Babbler, East Asian Ornate Chorus Frog, Yellow Crazy Ant, White-rumped Shama, Centipede Grass Orchid, Oriental House Gecko, Crimson Marsh Glider, Mainland Leopard Cat, and many many more.

 

Threats

Historically, the Golden Camellia has been threatened by human overharvesting, collected for commercial sale for herbal tea and medicinal use. Wild flowers are removed, stripped and dried, obviously dramatically affecting their reproduction. Relatedly whole individuals were removed from their native habitat for private and commercial cultivation, also reducing the wild population.

 

Over the last 60-70 years human encroachment upon their habitat is also affecting the Golden Camellia. This region has seen significant agricultural expansion resulting in deforestation for commercial sugarcane, cassava, and cinnamon farming.

 

Limestone quarrying and timber logging has further degraded the ecosystem. As larger canopy trees are removed, or incidentally felled in the mining process, the shade-reliant Golden Camellia struggles to survive the increased sun exposure.

 

And human induced climate change, resulting from persistent overreliance on fossil fuels, also threatens the Golden Camellia. This region is already seeing longer dry seasons and shorter but intense rainy seasons and higher temperatures. These rapid climate shifts disrupt reproduction cycles, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather accelerates soil erosion and worsens desertification; that is the degradation of green fertile land into barren arid desert, a process already affecting the Golden Camellia’s native habitat.

 

Conservation

Fortunately much of the Golden Camellia’s wild population is located within protected areas, like the Nonggang National Reserve and the Xialei National Nature Reserve both in Guangxi. And the species is legally protected at the national level by the Chinese government.

 

There are living offsite collections of Golden Camellia, for study and conservation, at the Kunming Botanical Garden, the Nanning Botanical Garden, the Guilin Botanic Garden, the Jinhua International Camellia Species Garden, and the Fangcheng Golden Camellia Nature Reserve and Gene Bank.

 

And there is ongoing study of practical propagation and cultivation strategies at the Silviculture Research Institute at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences.

 

Nevertheless the Golden Camellia has been considered critically endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2015 and their population is in decline.

 

Our most recent counts estimate that less than 45 Golden Camellia remain in the wild.

Citations 20:51

Information for today’s show about the Golden Camellia was compiled from:

 

Ashton, P., & Zhu, H. (2020). The tropical-subtropical evergreen forest transition in East Asia: An exploration. Plant diversity, 42(4), 255–280. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2020.04.001

 

Fern, K. (2026, September 10). Camellia impressinervis. Temperate Plants Database. – http://temperate.theferns.info/plant/Camellia+impressinervis

 

Geekiyanage, N., Goodale, U. M., Cao, K., & Kitajima, K. (2019). Plant ecology of tropical and subtropical karst ecosystems. Biotropica, 51(5), 626–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12696

 

Gu, W., Xiao, X., Ran, Z., Yan, C., Jiang, D., Zhou, L., An, M., & Li, Z. (2025). Distribution Prediction and Adaptability Analysis of Section Camellia Plants (Camellia Genus) in China Based on the MaxEnt Model. Ecology and evolution, 15(4), e71365. – https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71365

 

iNaturalist – near Nonggang reserve, Guangxi

 

Min, T., & Bartholomew, B. (2007). Camellia impressinervis. In Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, & D. Y. Hong (Eds.), Flora of China: Vol. 12. Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae (pp. 368–369). Science Press; Missouri Botanical Garden Press. – http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242310009

 

Phung, D., Son, H., Duc, D., Ninh, V., Thuyet, D., & Do, T. V. (2019). Cutting size and position affect rooting efficiency of Camellia impressinervis: A golden camellia. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 20(3–4), 179–187. – https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/issue/view/685

 

Thang, N. T., Duc, D. T., Bon, T. N., Minh, N. T., Manh, T. D., Thanh, H. V., Tuan, N. V., Dung, P. T., Quy, T. H., Phuong, N. T. T., Linh, M. T., Hiep, N. H., & Do, T. V. (2025). Growth of three species of golden Camellia grown under natural forest canopy in Northern, Vietnam. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 11(1), 47–54. – https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.1101005

 

Thang, N. T., Linh, M. T., Manh, T. D., Duc, D. T., Huong, N. T. T., Phuong, N. T. T., & Do, T. V. (2020). Effects of storage and pre-sowing treatment on seed germination of Camellia impressinervis. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21(1–2), 77–83. – https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/4927

 

Trung, P. D., Manh, T. D., Thang, N. T., Thuyet, D. V., Duc, D. T., Kien, N. D., & Tam, H. T. (2019). A method to select plus tree for flower purpose in forestry. Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science, 4(1), 1–8. – https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2019/v4i130063

 

Tuan, N. V., Trung, P. D., Manh, T. D., Thang, N. T., Thuyet, D. V., Duc, D. T., Linh, M. T., Son, H. T., Ninh, V. T., & Do, T. V. (2019). Possible planting areas for golden camellia - Camellia impressinervis in Vietnam. Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, 3(3), 1–7. – https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2019/v3i330000

 

Wang, Z.-L., Shen, Y.-G., & Feng, B.-J. (n.d.). The characteristics of tropical and rare golden camellias and their introduction. International Camellia Society. Retrieved September 10, 2026. -  https://internationalcamellia.org/en-us/conservation-preservation-of-camellias/tropical-rare-golden-camellias

 

Wei, L., Cai, X., Yang, Y., Jiang, H., Peng, L., Liu, S., Wei, X., & Chai, S. (2026). Analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Camellia impressinervis. Guihaia, 46(1), 28–38. – https://gxzw.ijournals.cn/gxzw/article/html/20260103

 

Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.C. 2015. Camellia impressinervis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T62053740A62053758. – https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T62053740A62053758.en

 

For more information about Golden Camellia and Camellia conservation please see the International Camellia Society at https://internationalcamellia.org/.

Music 23:04

Pledge 31:01

I honor the lives of all Golden Camellia. I will commit their name to my record. I am grateful to have shared time on our planet with this being. I lament the ways in which I and my species have harmed and diminished this species. I grieve.

 

And so, in the name of the Golden Camellia I pledge to reduce my consumption. And my carbon footprint. And curb my wastefulness. I pledge to acknowledge and attempt to address the costs of my actions and inactions. And I pledge to resist the harm of plant and animal kin and their habitat, by individuals, corporations, and governments.

 

I forever pledge my song to the witness and memory of all life, to a broad celebration of biodiversity, and to the total liberation of all beings.